Lithium battery

ABSTRACT

A lithium battery includes a cathode; an anode; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein the anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector, the anode active material layer includes carbonaceous and silicon-containing composite anode active materials, the anode active material layer includes first and second anode active material layers, and the first anode active material layer is between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer, a content of silicon in the first anode active material layer is higher than the second anode active material layer, and the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/135,301 filed Sep. 19, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/422,873, filed on Feb. 2, 2017, both entitled “Lithium Battery” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0016352, filed on Feb. 12, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “Lithium Battery,” is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

Embodiments relate to lithium batteries.

2. Description of the Related Art

Lithium batteries are used as driving power sources for portable electronic devices, including video cameras, mobile phones, notebook computers, and the like. Lithium secondary batteries are rechargeable at high rates and have an energy density per unit weight that is at least three times as large as that of existing lead storage batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, or nickel-zinc batteries.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are directed to a lithium battery including a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including an anode active material, and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode. The anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes a carbonaceous anode active material and a silicon-containing composite anode active material. The anode active material layer includes a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer, and the first anode active material layer is disposed between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer. A content of silicon in the first anode active material layer is higher than a content of silicon in the second anode active material layer. The organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

wherein, in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, wherein both A₁ and A₂ are not a covalent bond and both A₃ and A₄ are not a covalent bond.

At least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is at least one selected from a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.

At least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

The substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be substituted with a polar functional group including at least one heteroatom, wherein the polar functional group is at least one selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

wherein, in the formulae above, each of OR¹¹ and R¹⁵ is independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group; and each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ is independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group; and each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17 below:

An amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

An amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be from about 0.4 wt % to about 3 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

The first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may include at least one selected from LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, and LiI.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include a cyclic carbonate compound, wherein the cyclic carbonate compound is selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), VC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, and a nitro group (NO₂), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), VEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and FEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂.

An amount of the cyclic carbonate compound may be from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include a second lithium salt different from the first lithium salt and represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:

An amount of the second lithium salt may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

A content of silicon in the first anode active material layer may be from about two times to about 25 times a content of silicon in the second anode active material layer.

A thickness of the first anode active material layer may be from about 1% to about 75% of a total thickness of the second anode active material layer.

The carbonaceous anode active material may include natural graphite, wherein a content of the natural graphite may be about 20 wt % or more based on a total weight of the carbonaceous anode active material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a graph showing discharge capacities at room temperature of lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 2 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at room temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 3 illustrates a graph showing discharge capacities at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 5 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at room temperature of the lithium batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2; and

FIG. 7 illustrates a view of a lithium battery according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings; however, they may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey exemplary implementations to those skilled in the art.

In the drawing figures, the dimensions of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity of illustration. It will also be understood that when a layer or element is referred to as being “on” another layer or element, it can be directly on the other layer or element, or intervening layers may also be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “between” two layers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or more intervening layers may also be present. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “or” is not an exclusive term, e.g., “A or B” would include A, B, or A and B.

Hereinafter, a lithium battery according to example embodiments will be described in more detail.

A lithium battery according to an embodiment includes a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including an anode active material, and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode. The anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes a carbonaceous anode active material and a silicon-containing composite anode active material. The anode active material layer includes a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer, and the first anode active material layer is disposed between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer. A content of silicon in the first anode active material layer may be higher than a content of silicon in the second anode active material layer. The organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

wherein, in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, in which both A₁ and A₂ are not a covalent bond and both A₃ and A₄ are not a covalent bond.

The organic electrolytic solution as an additive for a lithium battery, including the bicyclic sulfate-based compound, may enhance battery performance, such as high-temperature characteristics, lifespan characteristics, or the like.

In addition, when the cathode active material in the cathode includes a nickel-containing layered lithium transition metal oxide and the content of nickel in the lithium transition metal oxide is about 60 mol % or more with respect to the total number of moles of transition metals, the lithium battery may exhibit further enhanced lifespan characteristics and further enhanced high-temperature stability.

In addition, when the anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector, the anode active material layer may include a carbonaceous anode active material and a silicon-containing composite anode active material, the anode active material layer may include a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer, the first anode active material layer may be between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer, and the content of silicon in the first anode active material layer may be higher than the content of silicon in the second anode active material layer, the lithium battery may exhibit further enhanced lifespan characteristics and further enhanced high-temperature stability.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may have a structure in which two sulfate rings are linked to each other in a spiro form.

Without being bound to any particular theory and for better understanding, a reason for which the performance of a lithium battery is improved by addition of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound to the electrolytic solution will now be described in further detail.

When a bicyclic sulfate-based compound is included in the electrolytic solution, a sulfate ester group of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be reduced by itself by accepting electrons from a surface of an anode during charging, or may react with a previously-reduced polar solvent molecule, thereby affecting characteristics of an SEI layer formed at the surface of the anode. For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound including the sulfate ester group may more easily accept electrons from an anode, as compared to polar solvents. For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be reduced at a lower voltage than a polar solvent before the polar solvent is reduced.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound includes a sulfate ester group, and thus may be more easily reduced and/or decomposed into radicals and/or ions during charging. Consequently, the radicals and/or ions may bind with lithium ions to form an appropriate SEI layer on an anode, thereby preventing formation of a product obtained by further decomposition of a solvent. The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may form a covalent bond with, for example, a carbonaceous anode itself or a variety of functional groups on the surface of the carbonaceous anode, or may be adsorbed onto the surface of an electrode. A modified SEI layer with improved stability, formed by such binding and/or adsorption, may be more durable even after charging and discharging for a long time period, as compared to an SEI layer formed from only an organic solvent. The durable modified SEI layer may in turn more effectively block co-intercalation of the organic solvent solvating lithium ions during intercalation of the lithium ions into an electrode. Accordingly, the modified SEI layer may more effectively block direct contact between the organic solvent and an anode to further improve reversibility of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, resulting in an increase in discharge capacity and improvement of lifespan characteristics of the battery fabricated.

Also, due to the inclusion of the sulfate ester group, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be coordinated on a surface of a cathode, thereby affecting characteristics of a protection layer formed on the surface of the cathode. For example, the sulfate ester group may be coordinated to transition metal ions of a cathode active material to form a complex. This complex may form a modified protection layer with improved stability that is more durable even after charging and discharging for a long time period than a protection layer formed from only the organic solvent. In addition, the durable modified protection layer may more effectively block co-intercalation of the organic solvent solvating lithium ions during intercalation of the lithium ions into an electrode. Accordingly, the modified protection layer may more effectively block direct contact between the organic solvent and the cathode to further improve the reversibility of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, resulting in increased stability and improved lifespan characteristics of the battery fabricated.

In addition, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound has a structure in which a plurality of rings are linked in a spiro form and thus has a relatively larger molecular weight than that of a general sulfate-based compound and accordingly, may be thermally stable.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may form an SEI layer at a surface of an anode or a protection layer at a surface of a cathode and may exhibit enhanced lifespan characteristics of the lithium battery fabricated at a high temperature due to the improved thermal stability.

In the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 above included in the organic electrolytic solution, at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, and a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.

For example, at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, and a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group. For example, the substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a suitable substituent available for alkylene groups used in the art.

In some implementations, in the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 above, the substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a polar functional group having a heteroatom. The heteroatom of the polar functional group may be at least one selected from oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and boron.

For example, the polar functional group having a heteroatom may be at least one selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

In the above formulae, each of R¹¹ and R¹⁵ may be independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group. Each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkyl group.

For example, in the polar functional group having a heteroatom, a halogen substituent of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the alkynyl group, the cycloalkyl group, the aryl group, the heteroaryl group, the alkylaryl group, the trialkylsilyl group, or the aralkyl group may be fluorine (F).

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound included in the organic electrolytic solution may be represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ may be independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group. Each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, F, chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, F, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, or a phenyl group.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, in Formulae 4 and 5 above, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrole group, or a pyridine group.

For example, in Formulae 4 and 5 above, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, or a phenyl group.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17:

As used herein, a and b of the expression “C_(a)-C_(b)” indicates the number of carbon atoms of a particular functional group. For example, the functional group may include a to b carbon atoms. For example, the expression “C₁-C₄ alkyl group” indicates an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i.e., CH₃—, CH₃CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂—, (CH₃)₂CH—, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)— and (CH₃)₃C—.

A particular radical may be called a mono-radical or a di-radical depending on the context. For example, when a substituent needs two binding sites for binding with the rest of the molecule, the substituent may be understood as a di-radical. For example, a substituent specified as an alkyl group that needs two binding sites may be a di-radical, such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, or the like. The term “alkylene” as used herein indicates that the radical is a di-radical.

The terms “alkyl group” and “alkylene group” as used herein refer to a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In an embodiment, the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkyl group may have 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, a C₁-C₆ alkyl group may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, or the like.

The term “cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a fully saturated carbocyclic ring or ring system. For example, the cycloalkyl group may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

The term “alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. examples of the alkenyl group include an ethenyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-methyl-1-propenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a cyclopropenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. In an embodiment, these alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkenyl group may have 2 to 40 carbon atoms.

The term “alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of the alkynyl group include an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a 1-butynyl group, and a 2-butynyl group. In an embodiment, these alkynyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkynyl group may have 2 to 40 carbon atoms.

The term “aromatic” as used herein refers to a ring or ring system with a conjugated π electron system, and may refer to a carbocyclic aromatic group (e.g., a phenyl group) and a heterocyclic aromatic group (e.g., pyridine). In this regard, an aromatic ring system as a whole may include a monocyclic ring or a fused polycyclic ring (i.e., a ring that shares adjacent atom pairs).

The term “aryl group” as used herein refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., a ring fused from at least two rings that shares two adjacent carbon atoms) having only carbon atoms in its backbone. When the aryl group is a ring system, each ring in the ring system is aromatic. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, and naphthacenyl group. These aryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to an aromatic ring system with one ring or plural fused rings, in which at least one ring atom is not carbon, i.e., a heteroatom. In the fused ring system, at least one heteroatom may be present in only one ring. For example, the heteroatom may be oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen. Examples of the heteroaryl group include a furanyl group, a thienyl group, an imidazolyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an oxazolyl group, and an indolyl group.

The terms “aralkyl group” and “alkylaryl group” as used herein refer to an aryl group linked as a substituent via an alkylene group, such as a C₇-C₁₄ aralkyl group. Examples of the aralkyl group or alkylaryl group include a benzyl group, a 2-phenylethyl group, a 3-phenylpropyl group, and a naphthylalkyl group. In an embodiment, the alkylene group may be a lower alkylene group (i.e., a C₁-C₄ alkylene group).

The term “cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system with at least one double bond. For example, the cycloalkenyl group may be a cyclohexenyl group.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system having at least one heteroatom in its ring backbone.

The term “halogen” as used herein refers to a stable element belonging to Group 17 of the periodic table, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. For example, the halogen may be fluorine and/or chlorine.

In the present specification, a substituent may be derived by substitution of at least one hydrogen atom in an unsubstituted mother group with another atom or a functional group. Unless stated otherwise, the term “substituted” indicates that the above-listed functional groups are substituted with at least one substituent selected from a C₁-C₄₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₄₀ alkenyl group, a C₃-C₄₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₄₀ cycloalkenyl group, and a C₇-C₄₀ aryl group. The phrase “optionally substituted” as used herein indicates that the functional groups described above may be substituted with the aforementioned substituents or may be unsubstituted.

The amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 as an additive in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.6 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.7 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 2.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 is within the ranges described above, further enhanced battery characteristics may be obtained.

The first lithium salt included in the organic electrolytic solution may include at least one selected from LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, and LiI.

The concentration of the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be, for example, from about 0.01 M to about 2.0 M. The concentration of the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be appropriately adjusted as desired. When the concentration of the first lithium salt is within the above range, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

The organic solvent included in the organic electrolytic solution may be a low-boiling point solvent. The term “low-boiling point solvent” refers to a solvent having a boiling point of 200° C. or less at 1 atmosphere at 25° C.

For example, the organic solvent may include at least one selected from a dialkyl carbonate, a cyclic carbonate, a linear or cyclic ester, a linear or cyclic amide, an alicyclic nitrile, a linear or cyclic ether, and derivatives thereof.

For example, the organic solvent may include at least one selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, acetonitrile, succinonitrile (SN), dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone, and tetrahydrofuran. For example, the organic solvent may be a suitable solvent having a low-boiling point available in the art.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include other additives in addition to the bicyclic sulfate-based compound. Due to the further inclusion of other additives, a lithium battery with further enhanced performance may be obtained.

The additives further included in the organic electrolytic solution may include a cyclic carbonate compound, a second lithium salt, or the like.

For example, the organic electrolytic solution may further include a cyclic carbonate compound as an additive. The cyclic carbonate compound used as an additive may be selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), VC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, and a nitro group (NO₂), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), VEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and FEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂. When the organic electrolytic solution further includes a cyclic carbonate compound as an additive, a lithium battery including the organic electrolytic solution may have further enhanced charge and discharge characteristics.

The amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be, for example, from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. The amount of the cyclic carbonate compound may be appropriately adjusted as desired. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound is within the above ranges, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

For example, the organic electrolytic solution may further include a second lithium salt as an additive. The second lithium salt is distinguished from (i.e., different from) the first lithium salt. An anion of the second lithium salt may be oxalate, PO₂F₂—, N(SO₂F)₂—, or the like. For example, the second lithium salt may be a compound represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:

The amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. The amount of the second lithium salt may be appropriately adjusted if desired. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 4.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the second lithium salt is within the above ranges, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

The organic electrolytic solution may be in a liquid or gel state. The organic electrolytic solution may be prepared by adding the first lithium salt and the additive described above to the aforementioned organic solvent.

The nickel-containing layered lithium transition metal oxide included in the cathode of the lithium battery may be represented by, for example, Formula 26 below:

Li_(a)Ni_(x)Co_(y)M_(z)O_(2-b)A_(b)  <Formula 26>

wherein, in Formula 26, 1.0≤a≤1.2, 0≤b≤0.2, 0.6≤x<1, 0<y≤0.2, 0<z≤0.2, and x+y+z=1; M is at least one selected from manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), and boron (B); and A is fluorine (F), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or a combination thereof. For example, 0.7≤x<1, 0<y≤0.15, 0<z≤0.15, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.75≤x<1, 0<y≤0.125, 0<z≤0.125, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.8≤x<1, 0<y≤0.1, 0<z≤0.1, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.85≤x<1, 0<y≤0.075, 0<z≤0.075, and x+y+z=1.

The nickel-containing layered lithium transition metal oxide included in the cathode of the lithium battery may be represented by, for example, Formula 27 or 28:

LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O₂  <Formula 27>

LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Al_(z)O₂  <Formula 28>

wherein, in Formulae 27 and 28, 0.6≤x≤0.95, 0<y≤0.2, 0<z≤0.1, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.7≤x≤0.95, 0<y≤0.15, 0<z≤0.15, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.75≤x≤0.95, 0<y≤0.125, 0<z≤0.125, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.8≤x≤0.95, 0<y≤0.1, 0<z≤0.1, and x+y+z=1. For example, 0.85≤x≤0.95, 0<y≤0.075, 0<z≤0.075, and x+y+z=1.

The anode of the lithium battery may include an anode active material layer, and the anode active material layer may include a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer.

The content of silicon in the first anode active material layer may be from about two times to about 25 times, from about two times to about 20 times, or from about two times to about 15 times the content of silicon in the second anode active material layer. When the content of silicon in the first anode active material layer and the content of silicon in the second anode active material layer are within these ranges, the lithium battery may exhibit further enhanced lifespan characteristics and further enhanced high-temperature stability. The content of silicon may be analyzed by, for example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or the like.

The thickness of the first anode active material layer may be, for example, from about 1% to about 75%, from about 5% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 50% of the total thickness of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer. When the thickness of the first anode active material layer is within these ranges, the lithium battery may exhibit further enhanced lifespan characteristics and further enhanced high-temperature stability.

The anode active material layer in the anode of the lithium battery may include a carbonaceous anode active material and a silicon-containing composite anode active material.

The carbonaceous anode active material may include, for example, natural graphite. The carbonaceous anode active material may include a mixture of natural graphite and artificial graphite. When the carbonaceous anode active material includes natural graphite, the amount of the natural graphite may be about 20 wt % or more with respect to the total weight of the carbonaceous anode active material. The amount of the natural graphite may range, for example, from about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 20 wt % to about 70 wt %, from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt %, or from about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, with respect to the total weight of the natural graphite and the artificial graphite. When the amount of the natural graphite is within this range, the lithium battery may exhibit further enhanced lifespan characteristics and further enhanced high-temperature stability.

The silicon-containing composite anode active material may include, for example, silicon particles and a first carbonaceous material. The amount of the silicon particles may range, for example, from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % or from about 40 wt % to about 50 wt % with respect to the total weight of the silicon-containing composite anode active material. The amount of the first carbonaceous material may range, for example, from about 70 wt % to about 30 wt % or from about 50 wt % to about 60 wt % with respect to the total weight of the silicon-containing composite anode active material. The size of the silicon particles may range, for example, from about 10 nm to about 1 μm, from about 20 nm to about 500 nm, or from about 50 nm to about 150 nm. The size of the silicon particles may be an average particle diameter. The size of the silicon particles may be, for example, a median particle diameter (D50). The median particle diameter (D50) may be measured by, for example, laser diffraction method. The first carbonaceous material may be, for example, amorphous carbon or crystalline carbon. When the amounts of the silicon particles and the first carbonaceous material are within these ranges, the lithium battery may simultaneously provide enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics.

In an implementation, the silicon-containing composite anode active material may include: a core in which silicon particles and a second carbonaceous material are mixed; and a shell that surrounds the core, in which the shell may include a third carbonaceous material. The thickness of the shell may range, for example, from about 5 nm to about 100 nm. The amount of the third carbonaceous material may range from about 1 wt % to about 50 wt % or from about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % with respect to the total weight of the silicon-containing composite anode active material. The amount of the second carbonaceous material may range from about 20 wt % to about 69 wt % with respect to the total weight of the silicon-containing composite anode active material. The second carbonaceous material or the third carbonaceous material may be, for example, amorphous carbon or crystalline carbon. When the amounts of the second carbonaceous material and the third carbonaceous material are within these ranges, the lithium battery may simultaneously provide enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics.

Examples of the lithium battery include lithium secondary batteries such as a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion polymer battery, a lithium sulfur battery, or the like, and lithium primary batteries.

In an implementation, in the lithium battery, the anode may include graphite. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 3.80 V or higher. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 4.0 V or higher. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 4.35 V or higher.

In an implementation, the lithium battery may be manufactured using the following method.

A cathode may be prepared by a suitable method. For example, a cathode active material composition, in which the above-described cathode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent are mixed, may be prepared. The cathode active material composition may be directly coated onto a metal current collector, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate. In some implementations, the cathode active material composition may be cast onto a separate support, and a film separated from the support may be laminated onto a metal current collector, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

As the cathode active material, a suitable lithium-containing metal oxide may further be used, in addition to the above-described lithium transition metal oxide having a nickel content of about 60 mol % or more with respect to the total number of moles of transition metals. For example, the cathode active material may be a compound represented by any one of Formulae: Li_(a)A_(1-b)B′_(b)D₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0≤b≤0.5; Li_(a)E_(1-b)B′_(b)O_(2-c)D_(c) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, and 0≤c≤0.05; LiE_(2-b)B′_(b)O_(4-c)D_(c) where 0≤b≤0.5 and 0≤c≤0.05; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)B′_(c)D_(a) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α≤2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-a)F′_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)D_(a) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α≤2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(b)E_(c)G_(d)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, and 0.001≤d≤0.1; Li_(a)Ni_(b)Co_(c)Mn_(d)GeO₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0≤d≤0.5, and 0.001≤e≤0.1; Li_(a)NiG_(b)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)CoG_(b)O₂ wherein 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)MnG_(b)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)Mn₂G_(b)O₄ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; QO₂; QS₂; LiQS₂; V₂O₅; LiV₂O₅; LiI′O₂; LiNiVO₄; Li_((3-f))J₂(PO₄)₃ where 0≤f≤2; Li_((3-f))Fe₂(PO₄)₃ where 0≤f≤2; and LiFePO₄.

In the formulae above, A may be selected from nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and combinations thereof, B′ may be selected from aluminum (Al), Ni, Co, manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), a rare earth element, and combinations thereof; D may be selected from oxygen (O), fluorine (F), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and combinations thereof, E may be selected from Co, Mn, and combinations thereof; F′ may be selected from F, S, P, and combinations thereof; G may be selected from Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), Sr, V, and combinations thereof, Q may be selected from titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), Mn, and combinations thereof, I′ may be selected from Cr, V, Fe, scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and combinations thereof, and J may be selected from V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, copper (Cu), and combinations thereof.

For example, the cathode active material may be LiCoO₂, LiMn_(x)O_(2x) where x=1 or 2, LiNi_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(2x) where 0<x<1, LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O₂ where 0<1-x-y<0.6, 0≤x≤0.5, and 0≤y≤0.5, LiFePO₄, or the like.

In addition, the lithium-containing metal oxides described above used as a cathode active material may have a coating layer at their surfaces. In another embodiment, a mixture of a lithium-containing metal oxide and a lithium-containing metal oxide with a coating layer at a surface thereof may be used. The coating layer may include a coating element compound, such as an oxide of a coating element, a hydroxide of a coating element, an oxyhydroxide of a coating element, an oxycarbonate of a coating element, or a hydroxycarbonate of a coating element. The coating element compounds may be amorphous or crystalline. The coating element included in the coating layer may be selected from Mg, Al, Co, potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), Ti, V, tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), boron (B), arsenic (As), zirconium (Zr), and mixtures thereof. A coating layer may be formed by using the coating elements in the aforementioned compounds by using a suitable method, (e.g., spray coating, dipping, or the like) that does not adversely affect physical properties of the cathode active material.

A suitable conductive material may be used. The conductive material may be, for example, carbon black, graphite particulates, or the like.

The binder may be a suitable binder used in the art. Examples of the binder include a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, mixtures thereof, and a styrene butadiene rubber-based polymer.

The solvent may be, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetone, water, or the like.

The amounts of the cathode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be the same amounts as those used in a general lithium battery. At least one of the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be omitted according to the use and constitution of desired lithium batteries.

An anode may be prepared by a suitable fabrication method. For example, an anode active material composition may be prepared by mixing an anode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent. The anode active material composition may be directly coated onto a metal current collector and dried to obtain an anode plate. In some implementations, the anode active material composition may be cast onto a separate support and a film separated from the support may be laminated onto a metal current collector to complete the fabrication of an anode plate.

As the anode active material, a suitable anode active material for lithium batteries may be used, in addition to the above-described carbonaceous anode active material and silicon-containing composite anode active material. For example, the anode active material may further include at least one selected from lithium metal, a metal alloyable with lithium, a transition metal oxide, a non-transition metal oxide, and a carbonaceous material.

For example, the metal alloyable with lithium may be Si, Sn, Al, Ge, lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), a Si—Y′ alloy (Y′ is an alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, Group 13 and 14 elements, a transition metal, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof, and is not Si), a Sn—Y′ alloy (Y′ is an alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, Group 13 and 14 elements, a transition metal, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof, and is not Sn), or the like. The element Y′ may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, barium (Ba), radium (Ra), Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, hafnium (Hf), rutherfordium (Rf), V, niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), dubnium (Db), Cr, Mo, tungsten (W), seaborgium (Sg), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), bohrium (Bh), Fe, Pb, ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), hassium (Hs), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), Cu, silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), B, Al, Ga, Sn, indium (In), Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and combinations thereof.

For example, the transition metal oxide may be lithium titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, or the like.

For example, the non-transition metal oxide may be SnO₂, SiO_(x) where 0<x<2, or the like.

For example, the carbonaceous material may be crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, or a mixture thereof. Examples of the crystalline carbon include natural graphite and artificial graphite, each of which has an irregular form or is in the form of a plate, a flake, a sphere, or a fiber. Examples of the amorphous carbon include soft carbon (low-temperature calcined carbon), hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbonized product, and calcined coke.

In the anode active material composition, a conductive material and a binder that are the same as those used in the cathode active material composition may be used.

The amounts of the anode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be the same amounts as those used in a general lithium battery. At least one of the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be omitted according to the use and constitution of desired lithium batteries.

A suitable separator to be disposed between the cathode and the anode may be prepared. As the separator, a separator having low resistance to the transfer of ions in an electrolyte and having a high electrolyte-retaining ability may be used. Examples of the separator may include glass fiber, polyester, Teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and combinations thereof, each of which may be a non-woven or woven fabric. For example, a windable separator formed of polyethylene, polypropylene, or the like may be used in lithium ion batteries, and a separator having a high organic electrolytic solution-retaining ability may be used in lithium ion polymer batteries. For example, the separator may be manufactured according to the following method.

A polymer resin, a filler, and a solvent may be mixed together to prepare a separator composition. Then, the separator composition may be directly coated onto an electrode and dried to form a separator. In an implementation, the separator composition may be cast onto a support and dried, and then a separator film separated from the support may be laminated onto an upper portion of an electrode, thereby completing the manufacture of a separator.

Suitable materials used in binders of electrode plates may in the manufacture of the separator. For example, the polymer resin may be a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, a mixture thereof, or the like.

The organic electrolytic solution as described above may be prepared.

As illustrated in FIG. 7 , a lithium battery 1 may include a cathode 3, an anode 2, and a separator 4. The cathode 3, the anode 2, and the separator 4 may be wound or folded and then accommodated in a battery case 5. Subsequently, the organic electrolytic solution may be injected into the battery case 5, and the battery case 5 may be sealed with a cap assembly 6, thereby completing the manufacture of the lithium battery 1. The battery case 5 may have a cylindrical, rectangular or thin film shape.

In some implementations, the separator 4 may be disposed between the cathode 3 and the anode 2 to form a battery assembly, a plurality of battery assemblies may be stacked in a bi-cell structure and impregnated with the organic electrolytic solution, and the resultant may be put into a pouch and hermetically sealed, thereby completing the manufacture of a lithium battery.

The battery assemblies may be stacked to form a battery pack, and such a battery pack may be used in devices requiring high capacity and high-power output. For example, the battery pack may be used in notebook computers, smart phones, electric vehicles, or the like.

The lithium battery may have excellent lifespan characteristics and high rate characteristics, and thus, may be used in electric vehicles (EVs). For example, the lithium battery may be used in hybrid vehicles such as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or the like. The lithium battery may also be used in fields requiring the storage of a large amount of power. For example, the lithium battery may be used in electric bikes, motor-driven tools, or the like.

The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided in order to highlight characteristics of one or more embodiments, but it will be understood that the Examples and Comparative Examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments, nor are the Comparative Examples to be construed as being outside the scope of the embodiments. Further, it will be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the particular details described in the Examples and Comparative Examples.

Synthesis of Additive Preparation Example 1: Synthesis of Compound of Formula 3

The compound of Formula 3 may be prepared according to Reaction Scheme 1 below:

Synthesis of Compound A

68.0 g (0.499 mol) of pentaerythritol and 100 g of molecular sieve (Type 4A) were added to a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (DCM, CH₂Cl₂) in a volume ratio of 1:1 and the resulting solution was refluxed for 20 minutes. Subsequently, 110 ml (2.8 equiv., 1.40 mol) of thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) was added to the resultant and the resultant solution was refluxed for 8 hours until the pentaerythritol was completely consumed by reaction, to obtain a light yellow solution. The obtained light yellow solution was filtered and concentrated to obtain a residue including a light yellow solid. Thereafter, 1 L of a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) solution was directly added to the residue at a rate at which effervescence was minimized, to obtain a suspension. The suspension was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the suspension was filtered and the obtained solid was added to 1 L of purified water to prepare a mixture. Then, the mixture was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes, subjected to suction filtration, and dried in air to obtain 104.61 g (0.458 mol) of Compound A (yield: 92%).

¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR data of Compound A were same as those in documents.

Synthesis of Compound B

As shown in Reaction Scheme 1 above, Compound B represented by Formula 6 below was synthesized from Compound A according to a method disclosed in Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 79, 2001, page 1042.

The synthesized compound was recrystallized in a mixed solvent of 1,2-dichloroethane and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of 2:1, which was then used in the preparation of an electrolytic solution.

Preparation of Organic Electrolytic Solution Example 1: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %

0.90 M LiPF₆ as a lithium salt and 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 were added to a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 3:5:2 to prepare an organic electrolytic solution.

Example 2: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+VC 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 0.5 wt % of vinylene carbonate (VC) were used as additives.

Example 3: SEI-1316 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 0.5 wt %.

Example 4: SEI-1316 0.2 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 0.2 wt %.

Example 5: SEI-1316 0.3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 0.3 wt %.

Example 6: SEI-1316 0.7 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 0.7 wt %.

Example 7: SEI-1316 1.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 1.5 wt %.

Example 8: SEI-1316 2 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 2 wt %.

Example 9: SEI-1316 3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 3 wt %.

Example 9a: SEI-1316 4 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 4 wt %.

Example 10: SEI-1316 5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 5 wt %.

Comparative Example 1: SEI-1316 0 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was not used.

Manufacture of Lithium Battery (Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1)

Example 1-1

Manufacture of Anode

98 wt % of artificial graphite (BSG-L manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.), 1.0 wt % of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (manufactured by Zeon) as a binder, and 1.0 wt % of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (manufactured by NIPPON A&L) were mixed together, the mixture was added to distilled water, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 60 minutes to prepare an anode active material slurry. The anode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto a copper (Cu) current collector having a thickness of 10 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying under conditions: in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of an anode plate.

Manufacture of Cathode

97.45 wt % of LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O₂, 0.5 wt % of powder-type artificial graphite (SFG6 manufactured by Timcal) as a conductive material, 0.7 wt % of carbon black (Ketjen black manufactured by ECP), 0.25 wt % of modified acrylonitrile rubber (BM-720H manufactured by Zeon Corporation), 0.9 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF, S6020 manufactured by Solvay), and 0.2 wt % of PVdF (S5130 manufactured by Solvay) were mixed together, the mixture was added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes to prepare a cathode active material slurry. The cathode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto an aluminum (Al) current collector having a thickness of 20 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying under conditions: in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

A polyethylene separator having a thickness of 14 μm (manufactured by SK Innovation), a cathode side of which was coated with ceramic, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 1 were used to complete the manufacture of a lithium battery.

Examples 2-1 and 3-1

Lithium batteries were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the organic electrolytic solutions prepared according to Examples 2 and 3, respectively were used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1.

Comparative Example 1-1

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Comparative Example 1 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1.

Evaluation Example 1: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

The lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were each charged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged with a constant current of 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 1^(st) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 1^(st) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 2^(nd) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 2^(nd) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate until the voltage reached 2.75 V (vs. Li), and this cycle of charging and discharging was repeated 380 times.

In all the cycles of charging and discharging, there was a rest period of 10 minutes at the end of each cycle of charging/discharging.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 1 below and FIGS. 1 and 2 . A capacity retention ratio at the 380^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 1 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 380^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 1

TABLE 1 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 380^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 380^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 202 75 Example 2-1 228 82 Comparative 173 63 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 1 and 2 , the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 and 2-1 including the additives according to embodiments of the present disclosure exhibited, at room temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacities and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 2: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and High Temperature (45° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 1, except that the charging and discharging temperature was changed to 45° C. Meanwhile, the number of charging and discharging cycles was changed to 200 cycles.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 2 below and FIGS. 3 and 4 . A capacity retention ratio at the 200^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 2 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 200^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 2

TABLE 2 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 200^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 200^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 249 83 Example 2-1 255 84 Comparative 235 79 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 2 and FIGS. 3 and 4 , the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 and 2-1 including the additives according to embodiments of the present disclosure exhibited, at a high temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacities and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 3: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.30 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

The lithium batteries of Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were each charged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 1^(st) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 1^(st) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 2^(nd) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 2^(nd) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate until the voltage reached 2.75 V (vs. Li), and this cycle of charging and discharging was repeated 250 times.

In all the cycles of charging and discharging, there was a rest period of 10 minutes at the end of each cycle of charging/discharging.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 3 below and FIG. 5 . A capacity retention ratio at 250^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 3 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 250^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 3

TABLE 3 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 250^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 250^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 171 84 Comparative 154 77 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 3 and FIG. 5 , the lithium battery of Example 1-1 including the additive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited, at room temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 4: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.30 V and High Temperature (45° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries of Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 3, except that the charging and discharging temperature was changed to 45° C. Also, the number of charging and discharging cycles was changed to 200^(th) cycles.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 4 below and FIG. 6 . A capacity retention ratio at the 200^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 4 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 200^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1st cycle]×100  Equation 4

TABLE 4 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 200^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 200^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 189 90 Comparative 174 84 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 4 and FIG. 6 , the lithium battery of Example 1-1 including the additive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited, at a high temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 5: High-Temperature (60° C.) Stability Evaluation

The lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were subjected to the 1^(st) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 2^(nd) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 3^(rd) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.80 V. A discharge capacity at the 3^(rd) cycle was regarded as a standard capacity.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 4^(th) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.30 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C, the charged battery was stored in an oven at 60° C. for 10 days and 30 days, and then the battery was taken out of the oven and then discharged at 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.80 V.

A part of the charging and discharging evaluation results is shown in Table 5 below. A capacity retention ratio after the high-temperature storage is defined using Equation 5 below:

Capacity retention ratio after high-temperature storage [%]=[discharge capacity at high temperature at 4^(th) cycle/standard capacity]×100 (herein, the standard capacity is a discharge capacity at 3^(rd) cycle)  Equation 5

TABLE 5 Capacity retention ratio Capacity retention ratio after 10-day storage [%] after 30-day storage [%] Example 3-1 91 87 Comparative 90 86 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 5, the lithium battery of Example 3-1 including the organic electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited significantly enhanced high-temperature stability, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including the organic electrolytic solution of the present invention.

Evaluation Example 6: Direct Current Resistance (DC-IR) Evaluation after High-Temperature (60° C.) Storage

DC-IR of each of the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1, before being left sit in a 60° C. oven, after 10-day storage in an oven at 60° C., and after 30-day storage in an oven at 60° C., was measured at room temperature (25° C.) using the following method.

Each lithium battery was subjected to 1^(st) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a current of 0.5 C until the voltage reached 50% SOC (state of charge), the charging process was cut off at 0.02 C, and then each lithium battery rested for 10 minutes. Subsequently, each lithium battery was subjected to the following processes: discharging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 1.0 C for 30 minutes, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 1 minute, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 2.0 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 2 minutes, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 3.0 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 3 minutes, followed by resting for 10 minutes.

An average voltage drop value for 30 seconds at each C-rate is a direct current voltage value.

A part of direct current resistance increases calculated from measured initial direct current resistances and direct current resistances after high-temperature storage is shown in Table 6 below. A direct current resistance increase is represented by Equation 6 below:

Direct current resistance increase [%]=[direct current resistance after high-temperature storage/initial direct current resistance]×100  Equation 6

TABLE 6 Direct current resistance Direct current resistance increase after 10-day increase after 30-day storage [%] storage [%] Example 3-1 113 125 Comparative 122 137 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 6, the lithium battery of Example 3-1 including the organic electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited a decrease in direct current resistance increase after high-temperature storage, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including the organic electrolytic solution.

Manufacture of Lithium Battery (Examples A1 to A11, Reference Examples A1 to A5, and Comparative Examples A1 to A3)

Example A1: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 0.5 wt %

Manufacture of Anode

98 wt % of artificial graphite (BSG-L manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.), 1.0 wt % of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (manufactured by Zeon) as a binder, and 1.0 wt % of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (manufactured by NIPPON A&L) were mixed together, the mixture was added to distilled water, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 60 minutes to prepare an anode active material slurry. The anode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto a Cu current collector having a thickness of 10 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of an anode plate.

Manufacture of Cathode

97.45 wt % of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, 0.5 wt % of powder-type artificial graphite (SFG6 manufactured by Timcal) as a conductive material, 0.7 wt % of carbon black (Ketjen black manufactured by ECP), 0.25 wt % of modified acrylonitrile rubber (BM-720H manufactured by Zeon Corporation), 0.9 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) (S6020 manufactured by Solvay), and 0.2 wt % of PVdF (S5130 manufactured by Solvay) were mixed together, the mixture was added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes to prepare a cathode active material slurry. The cathode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto an aluminum (Al) current collector having a thickness of 20 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

A polyethylene separator having a thickness of 14 μm, a cathode side of which was coated with ceramic, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 3 were used to complete the manufacture of a lithium battery.

Example A2: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 0.7 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 6 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Example A3: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Example A4: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 1.5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 7 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Example A5: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 3 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 9 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Example A6: NCM, Ni88+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Mn_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Example A7: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 0.5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂.

Example A8: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 0.7 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 6 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Example A9: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Example A10: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 3 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 9 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Example A11: NCA, Ni91+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.91)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Reference Example A1: Ni55+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.55)Co_(0.25)Mn_(0.20)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Reference Example A2: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 0.2 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 4 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Reference Example A3: NCM, Ni60+SEI-1316 5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 10 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Reference Example A4: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 0.2 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 4 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Reference Example A5: NCA, Ni88+SEI-1316 5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.08)Al_(0.04)O₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 10 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Comparative Example A1: Ni60+SEI-1316 0 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Comparative Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3.

Comparative Example A2: LCO, Ni00+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that LiCoO₂ was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Comparative Example A3: NCM+LMO+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example A1, except that a mixture of LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O₂ and LiMn₂O₄ in a weight ratio of 1:1 was used as a cathode active material instead of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.85)Co_(0.10)Mn_(0.05)O₂, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Evaluation Example A1: Evaluation of Charge/Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

Charge/discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples A1 to A11, Reference Examples A1 to A5, and Comparative Examples A1 to A3 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 1.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 1A below. A capacity retention ratio at the 380^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 1 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 380^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 1

TABLE A1 Capacity retention ratio at 380^(th) cycle [%] Example A1 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt %) 94 Example A2 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) 94 Example A3 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 95 Example A4 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) 95 Example A5 NCM, (Ni60 + SEI-1316 3 wt %) 93 Example A6 (NCM, Ni88 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 94 Example A7 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt %) 93 Example A8 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) 94 Example A9 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 94 Example A10 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 3 wt %) 92 Example A11 (NCA, Ni91 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 93 Reference Example A1 (NCM, Ni55 + SEI-1316 1 90 wt %) Reference Example A2 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0.2 92 wt %) Reference Example A3 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 5 93 wt %) wt %) Reference Example A4 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 0.2 93 wt %) Reference Example A5 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 5 91 wt %) Comparative Example A1 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0 85 wt %) Comparative Example A2 (LCO, Ni00 + SEI-1316 1 83 wt %) Comparative Example A3 (NCM + LMO + SEI-1316 85 1 wt %)

As shown in Table A1, the lithium batteries of Examples A1 to A11 including the additives and the cathode active materials having high nickel content of the present disclosure exhibited significantly enhanced lifespan characteristics at room temperature, as compared to the lithium batteries of Reference Examples A1 and A2 and Comparative Example A1, including a cathode active material having low nickel content or not including an additive.

In addition, the lithium batteries of Examples A1 to A11 each including a certain amount of additive exhibited more enhanced lifespan characteristics at room temperature than those of the lithium batteries of Reference Examples A4 to A7 each including an additive in an amount outside the certain range.

Evaluation Example A2: Direct Current-Internal Resistance (DC-IR) Evaluation after High-Temperature (60° C.) Storage

DC-IRs after high-temperature storage of the lithium batteries of Examples A1 to A11, Reference Examples A1 to A7, and Comparative Example A1 were measured using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 6.

A part of DC-IR increases, which were obtained by calculation using the measured initial DC-IRs and the measured DC-IRs after high-temperature storage, is shown in Table A2 below. A DC-IR increase is represented by Equation 6 below:

Direct current internal resistance increase [%]=[direct current internal resistance after high-temperature storage/initial direct current internal resistance]×100  Equation 6

TABLE A2 Direct current internal resistance increase after 30- day storage [%] Example A1 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt %) 128.4 Example A2 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) 127.0 Example A3 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 125.3 Example A4 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) 124.8 Example A5 NCM, (Ni60 + SEI-1316 3 wt %) 126.2 Example A6 (NCM, Ni88 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 127.6 Example A7 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt %) 128.1 Example A8 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) 128.1 Example A9 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 126.4 Example A10 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 3 wt %) 128.3 Example A11 (NCA, Ni91 + SEI-1316 1 wt %) 126.1 Reference Example A1 (NCM, Ni55 + SEI-1316 1 137.1 wt %) Reference Example A2 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 132.3 0.2 wt %) Reference Example A3 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI-1316 5 130.0 wt %) Reference Example A4 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 130.0 0.2 wt %) Reference Example A5 (NCA, Ni88 + SEI-1316 5 132.7 wt %) Comparative Example A1 (NCM, Ni60 + SEI- 135.2 1316 0 wt %) Comparative Example A2 (LCO, Ni00 + SEI-1316 141.3 1 wt %) Comparative Example A3 (NCM + LMO + SEI- 139.5 1316 1 wt %)

As shown in Table A2, the lithium batteries of Examples A1 to A11 including the additives and the cathode active materials having high nickel content of the present disclosure exhibited a lower DC-IR increase than that of each of the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples A1 to A3, which included a cathode active material having low nickel content and did not include an additive.

In addition, the lithium batteries of Examples A1 to A11 each including a certain amount of additive exhibited a lower DC-IR increase than that of each of the lithium batteries of Reference Examples A1 to A5 including an additive in an amount outside the certain range.

Manufacture of Lithium Battery

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H1

Manufacture of Anode

88 wt % of a carbonaceous anode active material, 10 wt % of a silicon-containing composite anode active material, 1.0 wt % of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (manufactured by Zeon) as a binder, and 1.0 wt % of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (manufactured by NIPPON A&L) were mixed together, the mixture was added to distilled water, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 60 minutes to prepare a first anode active material slurry.

As the carbonaceous anode active material, a mixture of artificial graphite (AG-1 manufactured by ShanShan Co., Ltd.) and natural graphite (C-SNG manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) in a weight ratio of 1:1 was used.

As the silicon-containing composite anode active material, a silicon-carbon composite including: a core including artificial graphite and silicon particles; and soft carbon coated on the surface of the core was used. The thickness of a soft carbon coating layer was 20 nm, and the average particle diameter (D50) of the silicon particles was 100 nm.

A second anode active material slurry was prepared using the same method as that used for the first anode active material slurry, except that the amount of the carbonaceous anode active material was changed to 93 wt %, and the amount of the silicon-containing composite anode active material was changed to 5 wt %.

The first anode active material slurry and the second anode active material slurry were sequentially applied, using a doctor blade, onto a Cu current collector having a thickness of 10 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying under conditions: in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of an anode.

An anode included an anode active material layer on an anode current collector, and the anode active material layer included a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer. The first anode active material layer was between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer.

A thickness ratio of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer was 1:1. The content of silicon in the first anode active material layer was twice the content of silicon in the second anode active material layer.

Manufacture of Cathode

97.45 wt % of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, 0.5 wt % of powder-type artificial graphite (SFG6 manufactured by Timcal) as a conductive material, 0.7 wt % of carbon black (Ketjen black manufactured by ECP), 0.25 wt % of modified acrylonitrile rubber (BM-720H manufactured by Zeon Corporation), 0.9 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) (S6020 manufactured by Solvay), and 0.2 wt % of PVdF (S5130 manufactured by Solvay) were mixed together, the mixture was added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes to prepare a cathode active material slurry. The cathode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto an aluminum (A1) current collector having a thickness of 20 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

A polyethylene separator having a thickness of 14 μm, a cathode side of which was coated with ceramic, and the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1 were used to complete the manufacture of a lithium battery.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 0.5 wt %  Example H2

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution of Example 3 was used as an electrolytic solution.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 2.0 wt %  Example H3

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 8 was used as an electrolytic solution.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 3.0 wt %  Example H4

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 9 was used as an electrolytic solution.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 5.0 wt %  Example H5

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 10 was used as an electrolytic solution.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=2:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H6

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that a mixture of artificial graphite (AG-1 manufactured by ShanShan Co., Ltd.) and natural graphite (C-SNG manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) in a weight ratio of 2:1 was used as the carbonaceous anode active material.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=3:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H7

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that a mixture of artificial graphite (AG-1 manufactured by ShanShan Co., Ltd.) and natural graphite (C-SNG manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) in a weight ratio of 3:1 was used as the carbonaceous anode active material.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=14+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H8

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that 84 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 14 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a first anode active material slurry, and 97 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 1 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a second anode active material slurry.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:2+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H9

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the thickness ratio of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer was changed to 1:2.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:4+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Example H10

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the thickness ratio of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer was changed to 1:4.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:0+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Reference Example H1

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that as the carbonaceous anode active material, artificial graphite (AG-1 manufactured by ShanShan Co., Ltd.) was used alone and natural graphite (C-SNG manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) was not used.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=0:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Reference Example H2

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that as the carbonaceous anode active material, artificial graphite (AG-1 manufactured by ShanShan Co., Ltd.) was not used and natural graphite (C-SNG manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) was used alone.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=4:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Reference Example H3

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the thickness ratio of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer was changed to 4:1.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=1:0+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 1.0 wt %  Reference Example H4

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that 83 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 15 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a first anode active material slurry, and 98 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material was used and the silicon-containing composite anode active material was not used, to prepare a second anode active material slurry.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=2+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 0 wt %  Comparative Example H1

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution.

Single layer+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 0 wt %  Comparative Example H2

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution, and, by using 83 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 15 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material in the preparation of the first anode active material slurry, an anode active material layer was formed as a single layer only of the first anode active material slurry. The total thickness of the anode active material layer was adjusted to be the same as the total thickness of the first anode active material layer and the second anode active material layer in Example H1.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=0.5+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 0 wt %  Comparative Example H3

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution, 93 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 5 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a first anode active material slurry, and 88 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 10 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a second anode active material slurry.

First layer/second layer Si ratio=0:1+first layer/second layer thickness ratio=1:1+artificial graphite:natural graphite=1:1+SEI-1316 0 wt %  Comparative Example H4

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example H1, except that the organic electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 1 was used as an electrolytic solution, 98 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material was used and the silicon-containing composite anode active material was not used, to prepare a first anode active material slurry, and 83 wt % of the carbonaceous anode active material and 15 wt % of the silicon-containing composite anode active material were used to prepare a second anode active material slurry.

Evaluation Example H1: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries manufacturing according to Examples H1 to H10, Reference Examples H1 to H4, and Comparative Examples H1 to H4 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 1.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table H1. A capacity retention ratio at the 300^(th) cycle is defined using Equation H1 below:

Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 300^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation H1

TABLE H1 Capacity retention ratio at 300^(th) cycle [%] Example H1: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.9 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.2 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt % Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.9 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 2.0 wt % Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.7 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 3.0 wt % Example H5: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.4 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 5.0 wt % Example H6: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 87.1 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 2:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H7: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.9 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 3:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H8: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 14 + first 86.7 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H9: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2:1 + first 86.7 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:2 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H10: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 86.6 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:4 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si 86.3 ratio = 2 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si 85.9 ratio = 2 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H3: First layer/second layer Si 86.1 ratio = 2 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 4:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H4: First layer/second layer Si 86.0 ratio = 1:0 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Comparative Example H1: First layer/second layer Si 85.3 ratio = 2 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H2: Single layer + artificial 85.0 graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H3: First layer/second layer Si 85.1 ratio = 0.5 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H4: First layer/second layer Si 85.1 ratio = 0:1 + first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt %

As shown in Table H1, the lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including the additives of the present disclosure exhibited significantly enhanced lifespan characteristics at room temperature, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H1 to H4 not including an additive.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 in which the Si content of the first layer was higher than the Si content of the second layer exhibited enhanced lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H3 and H4 having Si contents outside this range.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 having multilayer structures exhibited enhanced lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example H2 having a single layer structure.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including natural graphite within a certain range exhibited lifespan characteristics similar to those of the lithium battery of Reference Example H1 including artificial graphite alone.

Evaluation Example H2: Direct Current-Internal Resistance (DC-IR) Evaluation after High-Temperature (60° C.) Storage

DC-IR of each of the lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10, Reference Examples H1 to H4, and Comparative Examples H1 to H4 after storage at high temperature was measured in the same manner as in Evaluation Example 6.

A part of direct current resistance increases calculated from measured initial direct current resistances and direct current resistances after high-temperature storage is shown in Table H2 below. A direct current resistance increase is represented by Equation 6 below:

Direct current resistance increase [%]=[direct current resistance after high-temperature storage/initial direct current resistance]×100  Equation 6

TABLE H2 Direct current resistance increase after 30-day storage [%] Example H1: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 111.1 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 113.8 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt % Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 109.8 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 2.0 wt % Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 107.3 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 3.0 wt % Example H5: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 106.2 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 5.0 wt % Example H6: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 110.8 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 2:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H7: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 110.5 layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 3:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H8: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 14 + first 112.1 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H9: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first layer/second 111.3 layer thickness ratio = 1:2 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H10: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 112.0 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:4 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 109.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 112.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 111.5 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 4:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 1:0 + first 110.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Comparative Example H1: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2 + first 117.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H2: Single layer + artificial graphite:natural 118.7 graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 0.5 + 119.8 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 0:1 + 120.1 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt %

As shown in Table 112, the lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including the additives of the present disclosure exhibited a decrease in direct current resistance, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H1 to H4 including an additive.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 in which the Si content of the first layer was higher than the Si content of the second layer exhibited a decrease in direct current resistance, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H3 and H4 having Si contents outside this range.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 having multilayer structures exhibited a decrease in direct current resistance, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example H2 having a single layer structure.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including natural graphite within a certain range exhibited direct current resistance increases similar to that of the lithium battery of Reference Example H1 including artificial graphite alone.

Evaluation Example H3: Evaluation of Rate Capability at Room Temperature

The rate capabilities of the lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples H1 to H10, Reference Examples H1 to H4, and Comparative Examples H1 to H4 were evaluated using the following method.

The lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples H1 to H10, Reference Examples H1 to H4, and Comparative Examples H1 to H4 were each charged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged with a constant current of 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation cycle).

Each lithium battery after the formation cycle was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (1^(st) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 1^(st) cycle was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (2^(nd) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 2^(nd t) cycle was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (3^(rd) cycle).

In all the cycles of charging and discharging, there was a rest period of 10 minutes at the end of each cycle of charging/discharging. A part of the charging and discharging experiments results at room temperature is shown in Table H3 below. The rate capabilities are defined using Equation 7 below.

Rate capability [%]=[discharge capacity at 1.0 C rate (discharge capacity at 3^(rd) cycle)/discharge capacity at 0.2 C rate (discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle)]×100  Equation 7

TABLE H3 Rate capability [%] Example H1: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 94.0 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 93.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0.5 wt % Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 94.1 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 2.0 wt % Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 93.2 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 3.0 wt % Example H5: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 92.7 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 5.0 wt % Example H6: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 93.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 2:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H7: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 94.5 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 3:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H8: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 14/1 + first 95.7 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H9: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2:1 + first 93.8 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1:2 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Example H10: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + first 94.1 layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/4 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + 92.7 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H2: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + 90.8 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 0:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + 91.1 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 4/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Reference Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 1/0 + 92.7 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 1.0 wt % Comparative Example H1: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 2/1 + 90.8 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H2: Single layer + artificial graphite:natural 89.7 graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H3: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 1/2 + 90.8 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt % Comparative Example H4: First layer/second layer Si ratio = 0/1 + 91.1 first layer/second layer thickness ratio = 1/1 + artificial graphite:natural graphite = 1:1 + SEI-1316 0 wt %

As shown in Table H3, the lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including the additives of the present disclosure exhibited enhanced rate capabilities, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H1 to H4 not including an additive.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 in which the Si content of the first layer was higher than the Si content of the second layer exhibited enhanced rate capabilities, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples H3 and H4 having Si contents outside this range.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 having multilayer structures exhibited enhanced rate capabilities, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example H2 having a single layer structure.

The lithium batteries of Examples H1 to H10 including natural graphite within a certain range exhibited rate capabilities similar to that of the lithium battery of Reference Example H1 including artificial graphite alone.

As is apparent from the foregoing description, a lithium battery including an anode having a multilayer structure and a silicon concentration gradient and an organic electrolytic solution including a novel bicyclic sulfate-based additive may exhibit enhanced high-temperature characteristics and lifespan characteristics.

By way of summation and review, when lithium batteries operate at high operating voltages, aqueous electrolytic solutions highly reactive to lithium may not be suitable for use in such lithium batteries. Lithium batteries generally use organic electrolytic solutions. An organic electrolytic solution is prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent. An organic solvent with stability at high voltages, high ionic conductivity, high dielectric constant, and low viscosity may be used.

When a lithium battery uses a general organic electrolytic solution including a carbonate-based polar non-aqueous solvent, an irreversible reaction, in which charges are excessively used due to a side reaction between the anode/cathode and the organic electrolytic solution, may occur during initial charging. As a result of such an irreversible reaction, a passivation layer, such as a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, may be formed at a surface of an anode. In addition, a protection layer is formed at a surface of a cathode.

In this regard, the SEI layer and/or the protection layer, formed using an existing organic electrolytic solution, may be easily degraded. For example, such an SEI layer and/or protection layer may exhibit decreased stability at a high temperature.

Therefore, an organic electrolytic solution capable of forming an SEI layer and/or a protection layer having improved high-temperature stability is desirable.

Embodiments provide a lithium battery including a cathode including a lithium transition metal oxide having high nickel content and an organic electrolytic solution including a novel bicyclic sulfate-based additive. The lithium battery according to embodiments exhibits enhanced high-temperature characteristics and lifespan characteristics.

Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A lithium battery, comprising: a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein: the anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector, the anode active material layer includes a carbonaceous anode active material and a silicon-containing composite anode active material, the anode active material layer includes a first anode active material layer and a second anode active material layer, and the first anode active material layer is between the anode current collector and the second anode active material layer, a content of silicon in the first anode active material layer is higher than a content of silicon in the second anode active material layer, and the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

wherein, in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, wherein both A₁ and A₂ are not a covalent bond and both A₃ and A₄ are not a covalent bond.
 2. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is at least one selected from a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.
 3. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 4. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is substituted with a polar functional group including at least one heteroatom, wherein the polar functional group is —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

wherein, in the formulae above, each of R¹¹ and R¹⁵ is independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group; and each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkyl group.
 5. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ is independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group; and each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 6. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 7. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 8. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 9. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 8, wherein each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 10. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17 below:


11. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound is from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 12. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound is from about 0.4 wt % to about 3 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 13. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution includes LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, or LiI.
 14. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic electrolytic solution further includes a cyclic carbonate compound, wherein the cyclic carbonate compound is selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), VC substituted with a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, or a nitro group (NO₂), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), VEC substituted with a halogen, CN, or NO₂, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), or FEC substituted with a halogen, CN, or NO₂.
 15. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein an amount of the cyclic carbonate compound is from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 16. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic electrolytic solution further includes a second lithium salt different from the first lithium salt and represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:


17. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein an amount of the second lithium salt is from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 18. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein a content of silicon in the first anode active material layer is from about two times to about 25 times a content of silicon in the second anode active material layer.
 19. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the first anode active material layer is from about 1% to about 75% of a total thickness of the second anode active material layer.
 20. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbonaceous anode active material includes natural graphite, wherein a content of the natural graphite is about 20 wt % or more based on a total weight of the carbonaceous anode active material. 